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Industry
The heavy industry of China includes the branches energetics, iron and steel, mechanics and chemistry. In 1999, the added value of the heavy industry of the companies of state property and the companies of certain magnitude was of 1.161.700 million of yuanes. The industry energetics is integrated by the coal, petroleum and the electricity. Of them, the coal is main the power one. The great bases of the coal production are Datong in Shanxi, Kailuan in Hebei, Pingdingshan in Henan, Huaibei in Anhui, Yanzhou in Shandong, Xuzhou in Jiangsu, Jixi in Heilongjiang, Tiefa in Liaoning and other eight coal deposits. In the last years, with the reform of the system of the industry, the modality of economic growth of the producing companies of the coal is being transformed into the intensive type. At the same time the administration diverficada in the coal industry is developed with energy and the industrial structure undergoes continuous changes. At present, the main mines of the country have been transformed into 17.000 companies with diversified activities, whose value of production occupies more than half of the national coal production. The oil industry is distributed mainly in the petroliferous fields Daqing in the northeast, Liaohe in Liaoning, Shengli in Shandong, Huabei in Hebei and Dagang in Tianjin. In the last years, it has been begun to extract petroleum in the three great depressions of Tarim, Turpan-Hami, and Junggar in Xinjiang. Besides great ground bases of petroleum and natural gas, several bases in the sea Bohai, the east and the west of the sea Nanhai of China have settled down. The Group of Petroleum and Natural Gas of China and the Petrochemical Product Group of China just reorganized are the top petrochemical groups of China. In 1996, the entrance of businesses of the last one reached 38,900 million dollars, occupying the sixtieth second place between the 500 important companies of the world. The electrical power industry, including the thermal energy electrical, hydraulic and nuclear, has obtained a fast development. In the decade of the 90 China happened to occupy the second place of the world as far as the generation of electricity and the installed capacity. This last one increased of 100 million to 200 million KW. In the country there are 58 great constructed hydroelectric power stations or in construction, between which 19 they have a capacity installed of more of a million KW. The hydroelectric power stations in construction are the one of Ertan, the one of Xiaolangdi and the one of the Three Throats of the Changjiang river. The nuclear power plants in construction are the one of Lianyungang and the one of Ling´ao. The nuclear power plant of Qinshan, in Zhejiang and the one of Dayawan, in Guangdong is in the heat of operation. The diverse mains most of cover all the cities and the countryside of the country. The great iron and steel companies are distributed mainly in Anshan, Taiyuan, Baotou, Peking, Shanghai, Tianjin, Wuhan and Panzhihua. 24 companies are in capacity to produce more of million tons of iron and steel to the year. Among them, the Iron and steel Group of Baoshan de Shanghai is most recent. Some great iron and steel companies, adopting technology outpost and new equipment, already can produce laminated steel plates in cold, silicic steel plates laminated in cold, galvanized steel plates, steel tubes for the petroleum operation and steel laminae of high category. At present, China can fuse more than 1,400 types of steel and more than 20,000 classes of laminates. The self-supplying of the steel arrives at the 90 percent. The mechanical industry of China includes the branches of the agricultural machinery, machinery of construction, measuring instruments, machinery of general use, mineral machinery, machine-tool, machinery of electrical engineering, bearings, automobiles, machinery of the nourishing industry, etc. Some high tech industries, that represent the level of industrial development, rose and acquired certain spread. For example in the automotive industry, introducing the technology of the Corporation of Automobiles of Volkswagen of Germany, the Group of the Automotive Industry of Changchun No.1 and the Group of the Automotive Industry of Shanghai they have produced cars Jetta, Audi, Santana and Buick. At present, the mechanical industry is able to provide to the diverse economic branches great equipment in complete games, high furnaces to even fuse iron and machines of continuous lamination, equipment of electrical generation, extraction and washing of coal, prospection and petroliferous perforation, oil refinery and chemical plants, lines of glass production in floatation, etc. The machines and electrical equipment get to be products pillars of export in the foreign trade and in 1999 they generated for the country 77,000 million dollars. The chemical industry of China includes the chemical agent branches for the operation mineral, fertilizing chemicals, insecticides of use agricultural, organic raw materials and inorganic, monomer of synthetic fibers, synthetic rubber, photosensitive materials, plastic derivatives of the rubber, products, petrochemical, products of use dario, pharmaceutics, etc. In other words, is in capacity to make 40,000 product classes. At present, they appear between the first rows of the world the volumes of more than ten products of chemical industry; among them, ammoniac the synthetic one, the chemical fertilizers, the sulfuric acid, the pure soda water and the rims for automotive vehicles. Shanghai, Peking, Tianjin, Dalian, Shenyang, etc., are important bases of the chemical industry, and their products not only satisfy the national needs, but also they are exported to more than 100 countries and regions.
This industrial branch started up during the decade of the 50. Now four great producing bases of airplanes in Xi´an, Shanghai, Shenyang and Chengdu, able work to make military and civilian airplanes. The “Yun-7” produced by the Corporation of Aeronautics industry of Xi´an is the main model used in the national transport of passengers in short and medium flights. As of 1979, the Corporation of Aeronautics industry of China has established relations of economic and commercial cooperation in form diversified with more than 70 countries and regions. It has exported aviations, motors and equipment to more than 10 countries. In addition it makes airplanes and foreign pieces of motor for companies and retailers. The development of the aerospace industry of China has been vigorous and a complete system has formed that includes the study sectors, design, experimentation, experimental manufacture and production. It has capacity to design, to make, and to launch to different classes from launch vehicles and terrestrial satellites, and has founded a structure of detection and aerospace control. At the moment, between the techniques more outposts of the world are some Chinese, like the recovery of satellites, the launching of several satellites with a rocket, the telemetry and the remote control by means of satellites, rockets reinforced with great power of impulsion. Three significant series of satellites have formed: of remote induction of return with orbits next to the Earth, geostationary of communications and meteorological helioestacionarios. China counts on conditions and capacity to send, to detect and to control foreign satellites. The 20 of November of 1999 a new model of rocket engine of design and Chinese manufacture sent to the space the “Shenzhou”, the first tripulable spaceship designed and made by Chinese engineers. After realizing the predicted scientific experiments successfully, the Chinese spaceship returned to the Earth without no misfortune. One is the first experimental flight manned of engineering Chinese astronautics. According to the statistics, between 1970 and 1999 the series of rocket engines Great March placed in orbit 51 satellites (between which the sent ones by order of foreign countries are not included).
From 1978, the quick development of the industry of electronic computer science exerted a transcendental and positive influence to the diverse sectors of the national economy of China. The three aspects of the electronic computer science industry are integrated by the computers, software and the communications. In 1999, the industry of electronic computer science of China was put between first of the world; the volume of production of televisions to color, equipment of sounds and telephones occupied the first position of the world; the global volume of the sale of the electronic branch was of 430,000 million of yuanes, and the volume of export was of 39,000 million dollars. The groups of computers, represented by the Legend and the Foundea, occupy major percentage of the national market and export to Japan and Asia Suroriental. In the last years the development of software and the information services have been developed quickly and anticipate a great potentiality of market. The commercial organisms of finances, post office and telecommunications, science, technology, education, centers and the governmental departments have established their own systems of network and data banks, there are and them tie to the Internet. At the moment, China counts with 8.9 million subscribers of the Internet. In 1998, Peking abrió a new international exit of 45 Mb, and the capacity of transmición of telecommunication of to 130 China increased Mb. The communication industry is one of the industrial branches that were developed with greater rapidity after applied to the policy of reform and opening. During VIII the Quinquennial Plan an increase of 30 percent stayed. China covers its territory with public communications networks with optical cables, digital microwaves, satellites, programmed commutation, movable communication, digital communication, etc. and it connects the world yet. This industry has more than 40 branches able to produce more than 300,000 assortments, that include the manufacture of paper, the machines of daily use, the salt production, the foods, the silicate of common use, the plastics, the optical sensors, the chemical agents of daily use, the metallic products, the electric home appliances, the leathers and products of skin and wool, etc. From the reform and the opening, the mechanism of the market operates more in companies of the light industry; one introduces plus the foreign capital and technology outpost; of the great abundance of merchandize of daily use they emphasize a great amount of reputation marks. The textile industry has been developed very fast and their products satisfy the needs with the market of the country but also not only are exported. In 1999, the added value of the light industry of the companies of state property and the companies of certain magnitude reached 869,000 million of yuanes.
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