Science and technology

Development

In 1949 China it less than had 50 thousand scientists and technicians, of which 500 were dedicated to the scientific research, and was hardly 40 institutions of scientific research. A month after the foundation of the Popular Republic the Academy of Sciences of China settled down. Immediately several organisms of investigation were based on the different industrial sectors and different places. In 1955 already 840 organisms of investigation with 400 thousand members in all the country existed.

In 1956 the Council of State created the Commission of Scientific Planning, and, that is to say, elaborated the first plan of long term development of science and technology of China the Program of Scientific and Technological Development for Twelve Years (1956-1967). A series of new techniques was born and grew. Many companies of new technology saw the light and they became strong.

In October of 1964, China realized the first nuclear test successful. On the one hand, this incarnates the wisdom and the intelligence of the scientists and technicians of China, and on the other, it demonstrated that China was at a relatively high level in certain scientific branches, and in preliminary form it was equipped with the capacity to develop his scientific researches independently.

In the ten chaotic years between 1966 and 1976, one seriously harmed the science and technology of China that was been in vigorous development and the scientific researches and technical became paralyzed.

After the ten chaotic years, the State transferred the center of gravity of its work to the construction of the four modernizations. In short time, an amount of administrative agencies, organisms of investigation was recovered or reestablished and academic institutions of sciences and technologies. In all the country the programming of the scientific and technical development was put indeed. Under the direction of the National Commission of Science and Technology, the National Program of Scientific and Technological Development between 1978 and 1985 was elaborated (Scheme). In the projects keys they emphasized especially agriculture, the power ones, the new materials, the electronic computers, the aerospace rays laser, techniques, the physics of high energy and the genetic engeneering. According to the statistics, the profits of secured the scientific researches and technological in year 1979 surpass in number to the total of the ten previous years.

Strategy to make bloom to the country by means of science and the education

As of 1979, the quick economic growth of China comes being recognized by everybody. However, one is an economy of extensive type based on the advantage of natural resources, great amount of investment and cheap manpower. From now until half-full of the 21st century, key for the materialization of the three passages of the modernization of China will appear the historical period. The continuous, quick and healthy development on the national economy depends on the progress of sciences and the technology. Solving the problems like the irrational industrial structure, the slow technical level, the low productivity of the work and the bad quality of the economic growth, the strategic transformation of the economy of extensive type to the profitable type will be fomented. For this aim, in 1995 China it announced to apply the strategy to make bloom to the country by means of sciences and the education.

The main content of the strategy is: Under the direction of the idea that sciences and the technology are the first force of production, it is persisted in developing the education like a fundamental cause, is put to sciences, the technology and the education in important positions of the socio-economic development, fortifies the scientific power and technological of the State and its capacity to turn it into real forces of production, rises the qualitative level of sciences, the technology and the culture of all the nation, canalizes the construction economic to the orbit to progress with sciences and the technology and the improvement of the quality of the workers, and it is accelerated materialization of the prosperity of the country.

The strategy to make bloom to the country by means of science and the education establishes the following goals for the development:

Strategic goals for the year 2000: A scientific and technological system will be built in preliminary form that is adapted to the structure of the socialist market economy and to the self-development of sciences and the technology. One will secure to important progresses in the scientific researches and the technical operation of the industry and agriculture, as well as in the basic investigations, the investigations of technical outposts and in other lands. The percentage of contribution of the scientific and technical progress to the economic development will rise remarkably. The economic construction and the social development will happen to depend on the scientific and technological progress and the improvement of the qualitative level of the workers.

Scientific and technological system

The organisms of scientific research of China are made up of five groups, that are the subordinated organisms of investigation to the departments of the Council of State and the local governments, the organisms of investigation of the teaching institutions superiors, the organisms of investigation of the factories, mines and companies, and the organisms of investigation of sciences of the national defense. Among them they distribute investigation lands rationally and collaborate, forming a system of investigation and study of science and technology of China. In addition, the Association of Science and Technology of China work in the scientific research and more than 160 national organizations of scientific, technical and academic studies, as well as their branchs distributed in the big cities and medians.

The Academy of Sciences of China, with soothes in Peking, is the supreme academic organ and an integral research center of natural sciences of China. It has subordinate the Academy of Algebra and Physics, the Academy of Chemistry, the Academy of Geology, the Academy of Biology, and the Academy of Technology. They direct 123 organisms of investigation with more than 60 thousand scientific and technical professionals. The investigation organisms are in all the country, and count on filial academies in the provinces, municipalities and independent regions where the investigation organisms concentrate themselves of relative way. In the national atmosphere, the Academy of Sciences of China selects to its academic between the scientists, university professors and engineers with professional high level and great contributions. Now they are, altogether, 633 academic ones, which 156 enjoy the high prestige and 36 are feminine. The Conference of Academic of the Academy of Sciences of China is the supreme consulting organ of the State in science and the technology.

The Academy of Engineering of China, founded on Peking in June of 1994, is the academic supreme honor and consultative agency of the circle of engineering, and is composed by 547 academic ones.

In February of 1986 the Council of State ratified the creation of the National Committee of Bottoms for Natural Sciences. Its main task consists of financing the projects of basic investigation and a part of projects of applied investigation, using for it the state budgetary games in agreement with the directives of the scientific and technological development dictated by the policy of the State. In than ten years passed the more from its institution, this committee has subsidized more than 40,000 investigations in the field of natural sciences. IV the committee consists of 26 members, 18 of which they are member of the two Academies.

In December of 1999 the Council of State ratified the creation of the National Committee of Scientific and Technological Prizes. Their main responsibilities and attributions are the following: first of all, to administer and to direct of general way state the scientific and technological prizes; and, secondly, to invite the experts who must comprise of the jury of these prizes, whose assignment consists of valuing the merits of the selected candidates, deciding the type and the category of the awards that must be granted to the winners, to offer opinions and proposals of political character to perfect the corresponding works, as well as study and solve the far-reaching problems that arise in the performance of their work.

The 20 of January of 2000 became the winning investigations public of the 1999 prizes. The State Prizes of First Category of Natural Sciences and Technical Invention were declared desert. The titled investigations “Fighter bomber FBC-1” and “New type of destroyer of missiles” obtained ex- aequo the prize of special category of the State Prize to the Scientific and Technological Progress. The Prize to the Scientific Cooperation and the Technological International of the People's Republic of China was adjudged to four investigators. Also, 602 scientific researches and technological were awarded. The awarded works show that the set of the society pays a special attention to the integral use of the resources and to the protection of the environment. The number of young scientists and technologists grows quickly, it demonstrates as it the fact that the 46.5 percent of the awarded ones was less than 45 years old.

Important successes

Discovery of the petroliferous field of Daqing: In 1953 the well-known geologist Li Siguang, practicing his theory of the geomecánica and being based on his meticulous inspection of Chinese geology, indicated that China is a rich country in petroleum and natural gas. In the morning of the 26 of September of 1959, he managed himself to extract petroleum in the municipality of Daqing of the province of Heilongjiang. The oil workers fought arduously tenacious and, and in three years they hardly broke a petroliferous camp of world-wide advanced level with a capacity of annual production of more than 50 million tons of crude petroleum. The petroliferous field of Daqing gave precious experiences for the development of the oil industry of China.

Construction of the atomic reactor: The 30 of June of 1958 a ciclotrónico accelerator was constructed to the first heavy-water reactor successful and. This atomic reactor has a thermal power of 7,000 to 10,000 kilowatts. The ciclotrónico accelerator is able to accelerate alpha particles so that its power reaches to 25 million volts. In December of 1980, it was constructed the atomic reactor of high flow that marked the nivelamiento of ciecias and nuclear technologies of China with the advanced countries more.

Successful explosion of the atomic bomb and the hydrogen bomb: The 16 of October of 1964, China made operate an atomic bomb in Lop Nur, Xinjiang. Its first nuclear test finalized successful and got to be the third country of the world with the atomic bomb, after the United States and the Soviet Union. In June of 1967, China made successfully operate the first hydrogen bomb. Between the two China explosions it only required two years and eight months.

The artificial synthesis of the crystalline bovine insulin: The 17 of September of 1965, after six years of arduous work, the Institute of Biochemistry of the Academy of Sciences of China, along with other institutions, managed for the first time to synthesize artificially the crystalline bovine insulin, a type of protein with biological vitality, and outpost of the world was crowned in the scientific research.

The positron collider and negatrones: In October of 1988, one successfully settled the positron collider and negatrones. Besides developing to scientific researches of particles atomics, the power ones, the materials, Biology, chemistry and the integrated circuits, of the collider take control products to export.

The first nuclear electrical plant: In 1970, China began to design his first electrical station nuclear Qinshan call in the district of Haiyan, province of Zhejiang. First stage of construction began in 1985, anticipating an installed capacity of 300 thousand kilowatts. Meanwhile, another nuclear electrical plant was in the heat of construction, with an installed capacity of 1.8 million kilowatts. This last one is called Dayawan and it is to 60 kilometers to the east of Shenzhen in the province of Guangdong.

The launch vehicles of China: In May of 1980, China happily launched launch vehicles towards predetermined marine regions of the Pacific. China for the first time launched rockets towards high seas from its territory. In 1982, the rockets designed and made by China successful realized his first space flights, turning to China into the fourth country with microimpellers again model for space rockets, after the United States, the Union Soviética and Japan. In October of the same year, the Chinese submarines launched launch vehicles successfully and in September of 1988, the Chinese nuclear submarines did the same without misfortune. Between the Chinese launch vehicles they emphasize those of the series Changzheng and Fengbao I.

High and new technology

Tipsy plan

Plan Makes a torch

Industrial zones of technology end

Ten Chinese scientific and technological successes of 1999

1. Success of the experimental flight of the first tripulable Chinese spaceship

To the 06:30 hours of the 20 of November of 1999, the first experimental spaceship Chinese tripulable, the “Shenzhou”, was sent to the space from the flaming tower of launching of the center of satelización of Jiuquan. The first manned experimental space flight of the Chinese astronautics began therefore. The success of this experimental flight shows the profits secured by China in this field. In this occasion, China decided to as much make independently and by own initiative the experimental spaceship as the new type of rocket engine.

2. Great advances in the study of the hydrogen storage in nanotubos of carbon

The investigation equipment outpost of carbonaceous materials, directed by Cheng Huiming, member of the Institute of Metal Investigation of the Academy of Sciences of China, carried out the first experimental design of investigation of the characteristics of the hydrogen storage in nanotubos of carbon, project during which this equipment produced a high amount of fibers of carbonaceous nanotubos with capacity to store great amounts of hydrogen. At the beginning of 1999 east equipment it investigated the preparation of nanotubo of uniparietal carbon and the hydrogen storage. Also, it collaborated with the Key National Laboratory of Alloy Fast Solidification nonBalanced of China and the MIT (Massachusetts Institute of Technology) of EE.UU and, by means of an unusual voltaic plasmatic hydrogen arc, produced of semicontinuous form a high amount of uniparietales nanotubos of carbon of great purity, whose average diameter was of 1.85 nanometers. After receiving the suitable treatment, this type of nanotubo of uniparietal carbon of ample diameter can store a great amount of hydrogen to room temperature.

3. Chinese scientists detect “the shortage of ozone” in the sky of the Qinghai-Tibet plateau

From the data provided by sensorial satellites and an investigation on the land, the Chinese scientists have made the amazing discovery that “the shortage of ozone” appears in summer in the sky of the Qinghai-Tibet plateau. According to the experts, this it is the more important scientific discovery since in 1985 the hole in the ozone layer of the South Pole was detected, reason for which has waked up great interest in the scientific and technological circles of the entire world.

4. Shortages in China the fossils of older vertebrates of those than have the news

The fossilized Myllokunmingia and Haikouichthus, open pies by professor Shu Degan, director of the Institute of Paleobiológica Investigation of the University of the Northwest, and other investigators, as well as the Haikouellas, found by the equipment of investigation directed by Chen Junyuan, investigator of the Institute of Geologic Biology of Nanjing, subordinate to the Academy of Sciences of China, is exemplary of the older species of vertebrates of the world open pies until now, since the analyzes are developing that these specimens lived about 530 million ago years. These fossils were shortages in Haikou, zone of the municipality of Kunming (province of Yunnan), in a layer of the cámbrico inferior (georgiense) whose antiquity is considered in 530 million years. The finding of these fossils not only has put in the open a complete panorama of the appearance of zoological species in the cámbrica era, but it offers trustworthy tests on the origin of the vertebrates and their main organs.

5. China deduces the chronology of the dynasties Xia, Shang and Zhou

The Chinese specialists have deduced that the chronological limits that they separate the dynasties Xia and Shang, and the dynasties Shang and Zhou oscillate, respectively, between years 1600 and 1500 a.n.e., and years 1050 and 1020 a.n.e.

6. China reaps great successes in his first scientific expedition to the North Pole

The first Chinese scientific expedition to the North Pole carried out between July and September of 1999. It was the first time that the Chinese Government directly organized a far-reaching exhaustive scientific expedition to the North Pole; and it was also the first time that the boat of scientific research of China made a trip to the Antarctic Ocean.

This expedition to the North Pole represents a great advance in the polar investigations carried out by our nation in the last 15 years and turn to China in one of the few countries that have realized investigations in both poles. During this expedition a series of remarkable successes was harvested.

7. China creates the first transgenic bull calf

The Institute of Medical Genetics of Shanghai has created successful the first bull calf transgenic test tube using the same own techniques of recent invention that it used in the obtaining of a transgenic ewe. At the same time, the specialists of this institute devised a new method to in this way elevate to a great extent the level of expression of the genes, obtaining to multiply by 30 the proteinic content of the present medicinal substances in the milk of the transgenic animal. This first bull calf transgenic test tube, to which it has been baptized with the name of “Taotao”, was born the 19 from February of 1999 with a weight of 38 kilos. In the conducted analyzes, the presence of the genes of human proteins transplanted by the personnel of scientific research of the institute was detected in the body of “Taotao”.

8. China successfully sends its first satellite of remote detection of terrestrial resources

To the 11:16 of the 14 of October of 1999, China successful placed in the predicted orbit the satellite of remote detection of terrestrial resources, “Resources no. 1”, I devise space designed and made jointly by China and Brazil, as well as a small Brazilian satellite of scientific applications.

After their entrance in operation, “Resources no. 1” will send to the countries and regions that, like China and Brazil, have the capacity to receive them, images of remote detection with information on the visible light and the multispectrales waves, the short waves and the infrared thermal waves.

9. The Chinese scientists clonan embryos of bulging giant successfully

The Institute of Zoological Investigation of the Academy of Sciences of China and the Research center of the Panda Giant of Fuzhou clonaron for the first time in history several embryos of bulging giant, by means of the transplant of giant bulging cells in desnucleados ova of doe rabbits. It puts once again of relief that China occupies a place of first order between the nations that study the giant panda.

10. The investigations realized in China on the substitutivos of the human blood and their development reach the international level

Sciences socials

In China there are five systems that are dedicated to the study of social sciences: the Academy of Social Sciences of China, the academies of local social sciences, the teaching institutions superiors, the subordinate institutions of investigation to the schools of the Party and the governmental departments, and the organizations of dependant studies of the Armed Forces. According to incomplete statistics, they work more than 100 thousand investigators in different fields from social sciences.

The Academy of Social Sciences of China is the supreme academic organism of the sector in China with a relatively complete range of study branches and a relatively powerful contingent of investigators. It has subordinates more than 30 institutes, and one amount of training centers. Between the scholars and experts in varied branches of study of his different institutions, it has around 4,000 professionals like investigators, editors and translators, of who near 200 they are tutorial university professors of doctorate.

In the last years, the local institutions of study of social sciences knew a great development, and different organisms from study of social sciences of different levels in all the provinces, independent regions and municipalities directly subordinated instituted themselves to the central Power.

The faculties of social sciences and humanities of the teaching institutions superiors are important bases of study of social sciences, and have more than 60 thousand professors of social sciences and humanities, between who many simultaneously develop scientific researches with their educational work. Many teaching institutions superiors have subordinates specialized organisms, that are approximately 130 institutes of study of social sciences with an investigating personnel of more than 4,000 people.

In addition, in the central and local governmental departments, the military schools of the Party, universities and institutes and the schools of pictures, as well as in the different institutions and companies, work many organizations of investigation of social sciences of smaller spread. They form a force in the investigation of social sciences that merits attention.