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Life of the town
Use From the foundation of the People's Republic of China, the social force worker of China increases quickly. Mainly in the last 21 years, extend the spread and the routes for the use, the circulation of the labor force is accelerated and improves more and more the structure of the use. Until 1999 ends, the social force worker of China was composed by 705.860.000 people, which represents an increase of 525.040.000 and 304.340.000 people in comparison with 1949 and 1978. The one of the cities and towns more express is developed: in 1949 and 1978 the number of employees only was of 15.330.000 and 95.140.000, and in 1999 it arrived at 210.140.000 people, of who 39.400.000 were dedicated to the individual and deprived industry and the commerce. In these 21 years, with the readjustment of the economic structure and the sectorial structure, in the structure of the use it has happened remarkable changes. The social force worker in the tertiary sector increases quickly; from 1979 to 1999 it was increased 3.9 times with an annual increase of the 6.7 percent, bases superior to the 1 percent and 4.1 percent of the increase of the sectors primary and secondary, respectively. The development of the tertiary sector constitutes the main forces of the increase of the use. The conception for the positioning of uses of people has changed much. In 1978, the system of action, the private economy nor the foreign investments or of Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan, the number of the people dedicated to the individual economy did not exist era only of 150.000. At the end of 1999, 21.000.000 of people were dedicated to the economy of the system of action, prevailed and the one of external investment. By its numerous population, China finds enormous pressure in the matter of use. In order to smooth out the contradictions of the use, from 1993 the Chinese Government takes the market like means for the disposition from the labor resources, executes the policy of market of the labor services, readjusts the structure of the uses, abre ample routes for the positioning and establishes the mechanism of “the State carries out the general regulation, the companies and individuals have autonomy to contract and to be contracted, the market readjusts the supply and the demand and the society provide the services”. In the different places from the country there are markets of labor force and enabled people. In the last years, with the readjustment of the sectorial structure, in some companies of state property it appears the phenomenon of the employees and displaced workers who are reempleados. The Chinese Government executes the re-employment plan. Centers of re-employment within the companies settle down doing that the displaced employees and workers, after a qualification, obtain a new work. In 1999, the re-employment plan achieved great success and 4.920.000 displaced employees and workers were reempleados by multiple routes. The rate of unemployment was of the 3.1 percent.
Entrance From 1949 to 1957, the income of the farmers were increased with much rapidity. From 1958 to 1978, the net entrance per capita of the same only increased in 83 percent, rising annually in average term in 2,9 percent. From 1978, a remarkable increase thanks to the application of the system of responsibility by contract based on the family and with income based on the yield has been seen, to the development of the diversified economy and the companies of corner and town, and to the elevation in ample margin of the prices for the state acquisition of agricultural products and secondary occupations. According to the statistics, the net entrance per capita of the 113.6 farmers ascended of yuanes in 1978 to 2,210 yuanes in 1999, discounted the factors of the rise of prices, its growth was of 4.7 times. Thanks to the extension of the opportunities of work for the families of the cities and towns and to the increase of the wage, as well as the elevation of the labor well-being, the entrance of the inhabitants of city and town has been increased of corresponding way. The entrance available per capita of the families of 343.4 city and populated increased of yuanes in 1978 to 5,854 yuanes in 1999, discounting the rises of prices, the real increase was of 3.6 times. The inhabitants of populated city and received only wages and now they make money by multiple channels. In 1999 the wage of the employees and workers of the inhabitants of populated city and occupied the 68 percent of its global entrance, representing a reduction of the 24.6 percent in comparison with 1978. With the fast development of the companies of corner and town and the increase of the number of the rural inhabitants dedicated to the industry and the commerce, it has changed the situation of which the farmers only made money selling secondary agricultural products and. With the increase of the income, the balances of banking deposits of the urban and rural inhabitants grew of 21,060 million of yuanes in 1978 to 5.962.180 million of yuanes in 1999, marking an increase of 283 times in comparison with 1978.
Consumption At the end of the decade of 1980, in the national scope the supply apparatus with coupons finished basically. The shortage of foods and articles of daily use in the market disappeared, and the consumption of the inhabitants registered a radical change happening of the type of elementary subsistence to the type of life modestly accommodated. The index of Engel (specific weight that occupies the expenses in foods within the total of consumption) of the inhabitants of the city and town under the 57.5 percent in 1978 to present the 41.86 percent; the one of the rural inhabitants descended from the 67.7 percent in 1978 to present the 52.56 percent. At the same time, the weight of the debit per capita of the urban inhabitants in education and culture ascended of the 6.7 percent to the 12.3 percent, and the one of the farmers of less than the 1 percent to the 10.7 percent. After basically solving the problem of the elementary subsistence, the structure of consumption of the urban and rural inhabitants is optimized daily, the quality of the life rises remarkably and it is going of the satisfaction in amount to the search of the quality. It increases the aquatic necessity of meat, eggs, birds, milk, products, vegetables and fruits, but it descends in great margin the consumption from cereals. According to the statistics, the level of nutrition of the Chinese has arrived at the same level observed in the Asian countries with medium income. In the clothes consumption, one has gone of the monotonous models and low category to the clothes of forms varied with good quality, and the character of consumption with personality is seen evidently. The weight of the consumption of the clothes raises remarkably and the average of fabric consumption is equivalent to the world-wide average. The use aspect, the lasting articles of consumption have entered the homes of the common inhabitants and it has become general quickly. After undergoing the change of the “four old woman pieces” (bicycle, clock, machine to sew and radio) to the “six new pieces” (televising, washing, recording, refrigerator, electrical ventilator and camera), in the last years people aspire to buy telephones, mercantile computers of familiar use, cars, houses, etc. According to the statistics, the possession of televisions of the urban families and rural of China it is superior to the world-wide average.
Social guarantees The social guarantees in China include the social insurances, well-being, aid and services. In the years of the planned economy, the sphere covered by the social guarantees of China was very small. As of 1984, year in which began the reform of the urban system economic, the reform of the system of social guarantees with the insurance of unemployment and the insurance of oldness like the main thing was impelled. As far as the oldness insurance, the method of combination of social bottoms with individual accounts practices and perfects actively, and a unified system of basic insurance of oldness of the employees and workers of the companies settles down doing socialized it. At the end of 1999, in all the country, 94.330.000 employees and workers and 29.000.000 of pensioners participated in the basic insurances of oldness; 99.120.000 people, to the unemployment insurances; and 21.000.000 of employees, workers and pensioners, to the system of unified meeting of bottoms for cases of serious diseases and to the system of unified meeting of bottoms for the pensioners. In certain zones one has reformed to implant the system of basic medical insurances. The 93 percent of the employees and displaced workers of the companies of state property enters the re-employment centers on watch and the 90 percent of them has obtained the subsidy of minimum life. The social welfare continues its development. At the end of 1999, in all the country, the houses of social welfare of different species had 1.080.000 beds, taking care of 810,000 people. In the cities and towns, 180,000 units of services of communities have settled down. In the country 5.257.000 people have obtained social attendance at the minimum level of life. Article possession of lasting consumption by each one hundred families (units)
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