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Education
The Reformation and development After the foundation of the Popular Republic, the Chinese Government promoted the education like a fundamental cause, and took the task of lifting the cultural quality of the town like the main one of the construction of the country. Before 1949, the 80 percent of less than the 500 million inhabitants of China was illiterates. The Chinese Government began to reform the educational system, planned a general development and readjusted the educational policies, so that the total volume of the estudiantado one was increased quickly. Obligatory secondary education spread in the 91 percent of the Chinese territory, the rate of entrance of the children in scholastic age to the primary schools approached the 99 percent and lowered the rate of the children who suspended the school. The illiteracy between the young people and adults was reduced until the 7 percent. From the reform and the opening of 1978, the Chinese education knew a quick, noticeable development especially by the renewal of the entrance examinations of education superior. Like one of the cardinal points of the socio-economic development of China, the Chinese Government quick sum attention to the sector. The program of “the education has been formulated must be modernized and march towards the world and the future”, promoting the Chinese education to a great extent. According to the last statistics, at the end of 1999 in the 1,071 regular secondary educations of the country 1.597.000 new students registered themselves, number that lifts the number of students to a total of 4.134.000; in the 736 centers of postgraduate 92,000 new students registered themselves, and so its total number reached the 234.000; in the 871 teaching institutions superiors for adults registered 1.158.000 new students, consequently its total number ascended to 3.055.000. In the 14,127 regular secondary schools of second cycle 10.497.000 students attended their studies, whereas in the 17,106 professional secondary schools of second cycle they studied 11.260.000 students, between whom were 1.730.000 students of the technical schools, that represented the 55 percent of the pupils of the secondary schools of the second cycle. In the secondary schools of the first cycle they studied 58.120.000 students, number that supposes a rate of entrance of the 87.3 percent. In the primary schools they studied 135.480.000 students, that is to say, the 99.1 percent of the children in scholastic age. The percentage of the students who suspended their courses was of the 3.28 percent in the secondary schools and of the 0.90 percent in the primary ones. The average professional schools for adults welcomed in 3.021.000 students. The centers of technical qualification for adults distributed formation to 101.570.000 people/times. Throughout the year it was alphabetized to 2.990.000 people. The successes reaped by China in the educative field have been recognized world-wide. The present period, that goes both between centuries, is of extreme importance for the economic and social development of China. Developing primarily the education and elevating the qualitative level of the town, a solid base for the materialization will lie down of two high strategy to make prosper the country with sciences and the education and maintain a development sustainable. As the human society enters the time of the intelectualización and computerization, the education plays an important role more and more.
Infantile education In China the infantile education in multiple forms is developed and by different channels, and the participation of all the society is stimulated. On the one hand, the local popular governments sponsor state infantile gardens, and on the other, they call to the institutions, social and individual organizations to administer new infantile gardens in agreement with the concerning stipulations. In the infantile gardens, besides combining the puericultura with the education, a series of educational measures to the benefit of physical, intelecual, moral and esthetic the development practices, so that the children can be developed harmoniously as much in the physicist as in the intellectual. The games are the main activities of the infantile gardens. A better educational atmosphere is created and opportunities and conditions are provided so that the children can make their activities favorite and demonstrate their capacities. The State establishes the requirements and the system of entrance examinations of the educational personnel for the infantile gardens. Now, in all the country there are 67 normal schools of infantile pedagogy. Specialized the secondary schools of second cycle in the infantile pedagogy progressed much, and has taken preliminary form the system from formation and improvement of the teachers of the infantile education. The legal documents promulgated by the State, such as “administrative Regulations of the infantile gardens” and “labor Process of the infantile gardens”, take the administration of the infantile gardens to a scientific and systematized orbit.
Primary and secondary education In China the initial education is classified in primary, secondary education of the first secondary cycle and of the second cycle, with a total duration of 12 years. The majority of the primary schools practices a training program of six years, the secondary ones of first cycle, the one of three years and secondary of the second cycle other three years. The lessons primary and secondary of first cycle are obligatory. All the children who have turned 6 years of age must enter to study to the primary schools. In the regions, where the secondary education of first cycle has spread, all the students graduated as the primary schools satisfying the requirements of the scholastic administration can enter the secondary schools of first cycle that are near their address. In order to enter to study to the secondary schools of second cycle, the graduated ones as the secondary schools of first cycle must be put under the unified examinations organized by the local educational departments, and it admits itself to the most described. From 1986, in which the “Law of Obligatory Education of the People's Republic of China” was promulgated, the governments of the different levels have year not stopped to promote of way activates the obligatory education of nine years, company in which has achieved remarkable success. At the end of 1999, the foundations had lain down of this education in 2.430 districts (municipalities and districts), benefitting from her the 80 percent from the national population. In the big cities and medians, as well as in those of the developed regions economically more of the coast, the secondary education of second cycle has become general. In the primary and secondary schools they practice the moral formation, the education of labor techniques and the extra-curricular education, establishing in this way the ideal base for the elevation of the qualitative level of the students of primary and secondary, as well as for the promotion of the integral development of youth. The 7 of January of 2000, the Ministry of Education summoned a televised conference of work whose subject was the excess of scholastic tasks that weighs on the students of secondary and primary, and in that this ministry exhorted the education departments to take effective measures directed to lighten the heavy scholastic loads.
Special education The special education always is object of the attention of the Chinese Government. Ever since the policies of reform and opening in 1978 began, the special education has known a new period development. The State promulgated a series of laws and regulations, stipulating in unequivocal terms the guarantee of the rights to be educated the handicapped people, elaborated a series of policies and principles about the reform and the development of the special education, and established special bottoms destined solely to the development of the special education, so that the educational sector has been developed quickly. According to statistics, 1,520 special schools and 5,400 courses installed in the ordinary schools, with a total of 320 thousand students, are dedicated to the education of the children with defects of the view, hearing and with mental retardation. In addition, a great amount of young handicapped people studies in the regular schools. In all the country, 1,700 organs of recovery of the children with defects of hearing have settled, which have trained to more than 70 thousand children. The organs of professional qualification of the handicapped people are more than 1.000.
Professional education
In 1996 the Chinese Government promulgated the “Law of professional education”, stipulating the corresponding regulations about the status of the professional education, the organs, and the obligations of the teaching institutions, the administrative system and the bottoms destined to the sector. Since then, the professional education was directed to an administration according to the law. The professional education of China is mainly realized in the professional schools superiors, the average technical schools, the professional schools of technical workers, secondary schools, the centers of professional qualification, the schools of technical qualification for adults and the social organs of qualification, and it is classified in three categories: superior, average and primary. These three categories maintain a close relationship. The professional education superior is the highest category of the professional education of China. At present one is in his initial stage. A professional education practices on the base of the secondary education of the second cycle. It comprises important of education superior of China. She enters the teaching institutions superiors dedicated to the professional education appear: 87 professional technical institutes, professional universities of short period, and specialized technical schools; 10 specialized schools superiors in reform; 133 schools superiors for adults and 188 specialties in test; and 18 technical schools professional averages that dictate to classes of specialized education superior. These teaching institutions provide practical and technical people forward edge of the economic construction of the country. In agreement with the program of development of the professional education of China, reform and reorganizes the existing teaching institutions superiors of the professional education, and it will be admitted to the sector to the described average professional schools, standardizing them gradually to turn them into professional technological institutes. The professional education average is the main body of the professional education of China, and is integrated mainly by the average technical schools, the professional secondary schools of second cycle and the schools of technical workers. The primary target of the technical schools professional averages consists of training technical and administrative people of average category for forward edge of the production. After many years of development, the technical schools professional averages have gotten to be 3.234. The professional secondary schools of second cycle at the beginning of years 80 were started again. Responding to the accelerated development of the Chinese economy and to the readjustment of the structure of the secondary education, the professional secondary schools knew a fast development. Now in all the country they work more than 10,074 professional secondary schools with 5.416.000 students. Its main task is to train workers with the cultural level of the secondary education of second cycle and with certain technical capability. In their initial stage, the professional secondary schools of second cycle were in bad conditions as much by the educational personnel, by the training materials and scientific equipment, but now they have acquired a primary spread, lifting evidently the quality of education. The schools of technical workers are average professional schools, destined to train described workers. The first school of this nature appeared in China in 1949. Now there are 4,362 schools, with 1.813.000 students and 400 specialties. At present, in China they work more than 17,000 teaching institutions of professional education, 2,090 centers of professional qualification and 400 thousand schools of qualification for adults and social organs of qualification of different types. Annually tens of millions of people become qualified/times in the schools of qualification for adults and the different types from social organs of qualification. In China a system of professional education of the levels has formed superior, primary means and with complete specialties of all the sectors.
Education superior Through constant reforms and readjustments initiated from year 1978, China already has a preliminary system of education superior, of multiple layers, forms and disciplines complete, corresponding to the needs of the development of the national economy and the society of the country. The regular secondary educations increased of 598 in 1978 to 1,071 in 1999. Thanks to the deepening of the reform of the administrative system of education superior, the education superior expands to a great extent, rises the educative effectiveness, is rationalized the structure of students of the different levels, continues optimizing the distribution of the different specialties from study and it provides great amounts of professionals of high level. In the last years, superiors quickly prospered the companies of the teaching institutions, among them the main ones are of sciences and technologies outposts. Their products of high technical content have entered the international market. At present China concentrates its efforts to execute the plan of Project 211. Facing the 21st century, it will take at a good level to 100 important universities and to a group of departments and specialties, trying that at the beginning of the century next certain number of teaching institutions superiors, branches of study and specialties improve the educative quality to a great extent, the scientific research, the administrative level and the economic and social yield and enter the rows outposts of the world. The execution of the first stage of Project 211 is next to its completion at the moment. Thanks to the efforts realized during these five years, and leaning in the discussions, the studies and the verifications that have carried out form it combines the corresponding departments, in one hundred universities of the country have been organized near 600 programs related to the main branches of the knowledge, among them the basic humanities, economy, right, sciences, the infrastructural atmosphere, resources, industries, the high teches, the medicine and the health. The Ministry of Education demands that the execution of the second stage of the mentioned project finalizes within five years. During that period, it will continue increasing to the investments and the support destined these universities. One strives so that certain high-priority scientific disciplines reach, before 2005, at the academic level more advanced of the world, seating therefore the foundations to locate some Chinese universities between more the outposts of the world. The objective for year 2010 is to obtain that some of these universities have reached this position or are near her. With the constitution of the socialist market economy and the deepening of the reform in different sectors, the reform of the system of education superior gets to be the key of the reform of different lands from education superior. The general goal of the reform is to rationalize the relations between the governmental departments, the society and the teaching institutions superiors, to restore and to perfect the new system in which the State carries out the global planning and the macrocospic control and the teaching institutions they have autonomy to administer itself according to the law, complying to the needs of the society. After several years of effort, certain progresses in the educative system, the administrative system and the system of investment have been obtained, as well as in the reform of the systems of personnel and distribution. After the incorporation in 1999 of the Institute of Central Crafts to the University of Qinghua, in the 2000 the University of Peking and the Medicine University of Peking megred, reorganizing itself both in which today are the new University of Peking. At the beginning of the 2000, the General Office of the Council of State made the Opinions public on the Acceleration of the Socialization of the Logistic Works in the Secondary educations. In them it is exposed that as of the 2000 and within three years, in the immense majority of the regions of the country one will basically complete the socialization of the logistic works in the institutes and universities. The key point of these works is the reform of the logistic services offered to the students. As far as the investments destined to the construction of student dormitories and other facilities on watch, the mentioned document indicates that the directives must be followed to mainly lean in the forces and the social bottoms, and to take advantage of these and those to the maximum; the popular governments of the levels central, provincial and municipal must discern the different cases and of granting the opportune aid financial. Also, they must use new mechanisms in the management and administration of the dormitories and the other rear installations. One has advanced to good passage in the reform of the systems of matriculation and access from the graduated ones to the labor market. From now on, the students who register in the teaching institutions superiors will stop classifying in students of the state plan and students of the regulating plan, having all of them to support their studies. The centers provide loans from study to the students with economic difficulties. As far as the use of the graduated ones, while the labor system of personnel is perfected and, the interview between the teaching institutions is executed superiors with the organizations plaintiffs and a mutual selection becomes. Little by little one is going away to practice the system of free use of all the graduated under the direction as the policies of the State, excluding the students registered especially for certain uses and the students who enjoy special scholarships or scholarships for certain uses. The formation of the postgraduates has experienced great advances. Before 1949, the formation of the talents of high level depended on the foreigner and was of limited spread within the country. In just a few teaching institutions superiors were admitted very limited postgraduate students, titles of lawyer to 200 people were granted altogether and there were no doctorate studies. After 1978, the education and sciences of China were developed of general way, the education of postgraduate entered a period of vigorous development. In the same 1978, in all the country 63 thousand people registered themselves for the entrance examinations of the postgraduate studies, in which they selected themselves to 10 thousand described people. In 1998, academic titles of doctor to 8,957 people and academic titles of lawyer to 38,051 people were granted. In 2000, the number of new students registered in the postgraduate courses is of around 120,000, which is equivalent to an increase of the 30 percent in comparison with the previous year, corresponding the 20 percent of this number to the students of the state plan. This rate of increase in the matriculation of new students is lifted of last the ten years. Everything has formed gradually a system of the education of postgraduate and granting of academic titles, that count on complete scientific branches and quality of guaranteed formation. They fomented the formation and the growth of the specialized talents, the scientific researches and the restoration of the scientific branches of the teaching institutions superiors and the institutes of scientific research were promoted, and all this contributed to the establishment of an education system independent and complete superior in China.
Education for adults In the first years of the foundation of the Popular Republic, the Chinese Government made a call to reduce the illiteracy of the 80 percent of the national population. Since then, the education for adults took his first steps in China. The students of the education for adults are the workers who are still in their jobs, or those that they must change of work, as well as the people who wait for use. To the students he trains themselves to them and he enables in the necessary cultural knowledge, technical specialized and practical capacities; he is educated the illiterates; one perfects the knowledge of the graduated ones as the regular schools according to his different levels. To graduated as the teaching institutions the superiors one extends and he renews his knowledge to them; a social and cultural education of multiple colors unfolds, so that all the town follows healthy, civilized and scientific ways of life. The education for adult includes the universities of TV and broadcast, the schools superiors of employees, the schools superiors of the farmers, the administrative picture institutes and the institutes of pedagogy, as well as the independent institutes of mail, courses of mail, nocturne and of improvement of the teachers of the teaching institutions regular superiors, and the self-taught education of TV by satellite, as well as studies by examinations of the education for adults. Also they are within the education for adults the average courses of qualification of employees and pictures of the average schools specialized for adults and the regular average schools, the secondary schools for adults, the schools of technical qualification for adults, the schools of TV agriculture and broadcast, as well as the studies self-taught for examinations of specialized levels and half primary. In addition, many schools of mail and direct education of qualification and improvement work. All these instances facilitate different schedules from study: Classes of complete schedule, remote education with materials, separated or semidetached videos and recordings, studies of the work, and self-taught studies in free time. The education for adults classifies its establishments in the authorized one to grant academic titles like the college student, the specialized one, the one of education average and the one of secondary education, and in the authorized one to grant diplomas of studies like of the courses of alphabetization, formation of agricultural practical techniques and vocational qualification, vocational studies of a single specialty, studies, and advanced officer training courses of graduated as the teaching institutions the superiors. In the last years, the facilities, the apparatuses, the equipment and the educational personnel of the education for adults have improved remarkably. One has lifted the educational quality and efficiency gradually. The schools of education for adult already constitute an important front of the Chinese education. Besides the teaching institutions sponsored by the State, it has more than 1,200 organs of education superior sponsored by the social forces, between which 21 already is authorized to grant academic titles. Besides these centers 30 thousand schools of qualification and improvement of short duration work.
Education at a distance In 1998 the Ministry of Education gave the approval to the experimental establishment of the remote education in the Qinghua University, the University of Zhejiang, the University of Hunan and the University of Post office and Telecommunications of Peking; between 1999 and principles of the 2000 Ministry of Education it authorized successively to the University of Peking, the University of the Central Broadcast television and the School of Accounting by Zhonghua Correspondence, subordinate to the Ministry of Property, to distribute remote courses by way of test. In 1999, the four mentioned universities in the first place admitted to more than 9,000 students than they attended his studies by Internet, means also used by the 40,000 students registered in the courses at a distance distributed by the University of the Central Broadcast television. After more than two years of tests, the pilot universities already have found a model of education adapted for the Internet, having at the same time created diverse subjects, as well as didactic resources for this means, which are playing an important role in the impulse of this pioneering work. By means of the project of remote education, the Ministry of quick Education also its support to the formation in the poor regions and the western regions. Within the framework of this project it has started up the “Plan of Formation of the Professors the Morning”, whose objective is to enable to teachers for the secondary and primary schools of the poor zones. In order to harness the remote education and to create a system of permanent education, the Ministry of Education has assigned special bottoms, coming from the plan of promotion of the education in the 21st century, to the directed works to increase the speed of navigation by the main network of the REICCh (Network of Education and Scientific research of China), whose lines of test of 155Mb, among them those of Peking-Shanghai, Peking-Wuhan and Wuhan-Guangzhou, already it has entered in good condition.
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