Culture and arts

The news

Agencies of the news In China exist two agencies of the news, Xinhua Agency and the Agency of the News of China.

Xinhua Agency, with the power station in Peking and like state agency of China, is the organism in charge to collect and to issue the important news and political, economic, cultural information and of other aspects, as much of China as of the foreigner. From 1944 it began to issue the news to the outside by radio in English; in 1948, his settled first branch outside China. As of the decade of the 50, Xinhua Agency was developed little by little until becoming one of the main agencies of international character. In his power station there is departments like the one of the news for outside and the one of the international news. In the regions of Asia-Pacific, the Middle East, Latin America and Africa have settled regional main directorates and in Special the Administrative Region of Hong Kong, Special the Administrative Region of Macao and other places of the world it has more than one hundred filial offices. Now, Xinhua Agency emits to outer the news in Chinese, Spanish, English, French, Russian and Arab.

Also it provides to outer the illustrative photographies and special texts of the news. Xinhua Agency has offices suppliers in Hong Kong and other places, that are in charge to publish and to issue computer science writings; it installs centers suppliers of illustrative photographies in Hong Kong, Paris and London; it establishes points suppliers by telex in Asia, Latin America, the Middle East, Africa, North America, Europe Occidental and Eastern Europe, which provide the news by telex to the press, the local radio and agencies. Between the power station and the branches, a special communications network is worked. Xinhua Agency has signed agreements of cooperation and interchange of the news with the news agencies and the journalistic organisms of more than 80 countries.

The Agency of the News of China is the second agency of the news of the country. Its power station is in Peking. It must like object mainly serve the Chinese residents abroad, and to the compatriots of Special the Administrative Region of Hong Kong, of Special the Administrative Region of Macao and Taiwan. One was based on 1952. 1º of October of the same year officially began to issue and to send information to overseas.

The Agency of the News of China has offices and stations of correspondents in all the provinces, municipalities, independent regions, and in Special the Administrative Region of Hong Kong and Special the Administrative Region of Macao. It has installed branch in the United States, Japan, France and Australia.

Newspapers

In 1950, in the national atmosphere there were 205 newspapers and the annual distance was of 400 million unit. When entering the decade of the 80, the media of China comes quickly being developed and it has formed a structure of several levels and different forms, with the organs of the Party like nucleus. Besides the organs of the Party and the popular organizations, according to the hour of the publication, the newspapers are classified in newspapers, matutinal, vespertine and weekly; according to the division of the fronts, there are newspapers of farmers, workers, companies and specialties. They are dedicated mainly to the economy, science and the technology, and others have the main aim to satisfy the cultural needs with the popular masses. According to the statistics, until 1999, they annually published 20,100 million unit of newspapers of national character and provincial. The main newspapers of national circulation are Renmin Ribao (Daily of the Town) and their edition overseas, Guangming Ribao (Daily of the Luminosity), Jingji Ribao (Daily of Economy), Jiefangjun Beam (Daily of the Popular Army of Liberation), Zhongguo Ribao (China Daily, published in English), Zhongguo Qingnian Beam (Youth of China), Zhongguo Funü Beam (Women of China), Zhongguo Jiaoyu Beam (Education of China), Zhongguo Tiyu Beam (Periodic of Physical Culture of China), Gongren Ribao (Daily of the Workers), Nongmin Ribao (Daily of the Farmers), Keji Ribao (Newspaper of Science and Technology), etc.

Editions

Magazines

Books

With the integral development of the economy and the society of the country, the publishing circle of China has progressed much. Mainly when entering the decade of the 90, the establishment of the system of socialist market economy gives vitality to the edition work. The development of the economy, science, the technology and the culture form a great market for publications. The management system of the mentioned market is instituted gradually, impelling the healthy and ordered development of all the works. The edition work finds a magnificent opportunity for its development.

The 1,169 titles listed in high-priority books of the “VIII Quinquennial Plan” have seen the light and produce good social and economic results, which plays an exemplary role and of guide in the publishing circle. The “state Program of important editions for IX the Quinquennial Plan” has been promulgated by the Information bureau for its execution. It includes 1,200 titles, of which, 353 of social sciences, 299 of science and technology and 181 of Literature and art. For the first time, in the program they get ready the subsystem of popular readings, the one of readings of scientific spreading and the one of infantile readings. Under the promotion of the state program, the local departments and the publishing houses have defined their own book edition programs important.

The edition of 1999 of the Dictionary Sea of Words, substitute builds Chinese of consultation that enjoys deserved authority, was published with a new appearance before the fiftieth anniversary of the foundation of the People's Republic of China. Of this reviewed edition different versions have been published, among them one with illustrations in colors, one for the great public and another brief one. In this last edition of the Dictionary Sea of Words a general renovation of the form and the content has been carried out, so that the work is characterized by the greater precision of its definitions, the abundance of illustrations in colors, novel of its format and refinement of the techniques used in its impression. The compilation and revision of this great work have constituted a work of extreme importance for Chinese the intellectual and publishing circles.

Product editions of electronic recording and video and In all the country there are 205 publishing houses specialized in publishing articles of recording and video, 93 normal publishing houses that they publish articles of recording and video Annexes to his books, and 260 organizations to reproduce tapes of recorders and videotapes. In China products of recording and video with techniques and relatively advanced equipment of the world make and reproduce. China is able to produce articles of recording and video of carrying manifolds and norms including traditional discs, tapes of recorder, videotapes, compact discs of video and digital compact discs of video. In March of 1997, the Information bureau made and promulgated for the first time the “state Program of edition of products of high-priority recording and video for IX the Quinquennial Plan”, that includes 4 categories with 476 types. Among them, 63 types are of social sciences, occupying the 13 percent; 141 of the education, the 30 percent; 116 of natural sciences, the 24 percent. In these years, the products of recording and video of last the two classes have very important position. The 51 winning articles of the “IV Scientific Article Prize Good of Recording and Video” of 1995 reflect the general level of the elaboration and edition of these products. In addition the products to recording and video acquire more ideological and artistic value. The Information bureau and other departments published “To sing all (karaoke)”, in which there are thousand Chinese and foreign excellent songs. This edition, in four forms: tape of recorder, videotape, disc of compact video and libretos, has intensified the cultural life of the popular masses in the free time and has changed the situation of which the overseas products dominated the market of karaoke.

Editions for outside

The Publication Group for Outside of China plays a peculiar role in the interchange with the foreigner. It is a great publication group able to publish, to print and to distribute books in foreign languages. It includes seven magazines: Peking Informs, China Today, Informed Magazine China, Popular China, Popola Cinio, China and Africa and Literatura China. It has 11 publishing houses (including publishing houses of greater influence: Editions in Foreign Languages and New Star), which publishes every year near 1,000 titles of 20 book species in foreign languages. Three thousand years of painting of China, written up and published by Editions in Foreign Languages and the publishing house of the Yale University, great international interest has waked up. China: facts and numbers, a view of China, Potala, Window of China and Flor of loto in varied languages, published by the publishing house New Star, are distributed in more than 190 countries and regions of the world. All these publications have contributed to the greater knowledge of China by the world. In order to unfold the interchange with the outside in different forms, the Publication Group for Outside of China installs companies or offices in the United States, England, Japan, Egypt and Hong Kong. The Corporation China de Comercio the International of Libro, pertaining to the Group, is in charge to distribute to books and magazines in 82 countries and regions of the world. Every year celebrates Chinese book fairs abroad.

The Center of Wuzhou Diffusion is an organ of nongovernmental international diffusion, that dedicates to the recording article publication and video and books in different languages. Founded on 1993, every year the Center removes in average hundreds from hours from programs from cinema and TV. and more than one hundred book species. Their publications reach more than 150 countries and regions of the world. The main subject of its products concerns the old and present reality of China, to give to major splendor to the Chinese culture, to inform the process into the reform, the opening and the modernization of China, to answer the questions on the problems of international interest and to present/display the customs and habits of the Chinese town.

Radio

Radio broadcasting station the International of China

Television

In the spring of 1958, China prepared the foundation of the first television station? TV of Peking, precursor of CCTV. Its emission began the 2 of September of the same year. After that moment the works were developed slowly due to the rate of development of the economy of China.

Thanks to the reform and opening, when entering the decade of the 80, the wonderful time arrived from the television. In the following eight years, the number of the population viewer increased to a rate of 61 million per year. Now China owns 300 million televisions and 1,100 million viewers.

The 4 of May of 1992, the TV by cable of Peking began its transmission. Instead of a few channels, the viewers already can enjoy programs of tens of channels clear and stable images.

The Chinese Government does not scrimp his efforts to support the development of the television and radio of the border and distant regions. In border and distant the districts (municipalities and towns), facilities of emission and broadcasting of radio and television have settled down, that populations cover more and more. The microwave and the ground stations of satellite free to more than 24 million people of the diverse ethnic groups of the isolation situation.

The CCTV, along with more than 3,000 local television stations, as well as the route satellite and the system of terrestrial network constitute the greatest network of television of the world. This mark the power of the Chinese television, as much in amount as in quality, that enriches the tele-culture of this country with greater population of the world.

Every year, in Shanghai the Festival of Television of Shanghai is celebrated, in which not only there are competitions and prizes, but also academic interchanges, and works of purchase and sale of the television programs. Fairs of interchange of techniques and exhibition of radio equipment are organized and television. Asia, Shanghai has become the greater market of business of televisual programs.

From 1º of April of 1996, the CCTV rented four transmitters of three satellites of the Pan-American Company of the United States and began to most of emit the programs of the international channel to the world. 1º of July and 1º of October of 1996, the channel of drama and music of CCTV began its transmissions to everybody by via satellite of the mentioned company.

Literature

Shining old Literature of China goes back to very remote times and is a precious cultural relic. Libro of the Songs (Shi Jing), first anthology of the Chinese poetry, compiled in the century I SAW a.n.e., picks up 305 poems of the Zhou dynasty to the Period of Spring and Fall. In the Period of the Combatant Kingdoms, Qu Yuan wrote Chuci. The two works are considered like two first summits of Chinese literary history. In simple the later times they appeared prosas of the Qin dynasty and the Hanfu (prosa rythmical) splendid of the dynasty They have, as well as the Yuefu and folksongs of the last years of Have, which represent the literary appearance of such time. Of them, the historical Registries of Sima Qian and the peacocks fly towards the south-east, are famous works that have enjoyed popularity through the centuries. In the dynasties Wei and Jin, the poems of the politician and literate Cao Cao and his children Cao Pi and Cao Zhi form a flag of progressive Literature for the successors. In the Tang dynasty, the poetic creation arrived at the summit and still they are conserved more than 50,000 poems of thousands of authors, between who Li Bai, Du Fu and Bai Juyi excel. In the Song dynasty, the poets were divided in two schools: Liu Yong and Li Qingzhao represented the call “lyrical school” and Its Shi and Xin Qiji the “eloquent school”. In the Yuan dynasty, the satirical drama constituted the most shining literary fruit of the time. The injustice of Dou and Guam Hanqing and the Western Pavilion of Wang Shifu were masterpieces that would spread of generation in generation. In the dynasties Ming and Qing they appeared several novels of reputation, like the Chronicle of the three kingdoms of Luo Guanzhong, To the border of the water of Shi Nai´an, the Peregrination to the West of Wu Cheng´en and Sueño of the red mansions of Cao Xueqin. They are four famous Chinese classic novels that enjoy fame until today and they are conserved for always. Their abundant content, deep thought and excellent style took the creation of the classic novel to the summit.

The Cultural Movement by the New Democracy, initiate in decade 20 of century XX, took from its principle the anti-imperialist and antifeudal thought. The progressive authors represented by Lu Xun, initiated the modern Literature of China. The true history of A Q of Lu Xun, the Goddess of Guo Moruo, Midnight of Mao Dun, Family, Spring and Fall of Goes Jin, the boy of ricksha of Lao She and the storm and the exit of the sun of Cao Yu, are excellent works of that period.

It operates of Peking and local operas

Between more than 300 varieties of traditional local operas of China, the opera of Peking is spread and influential. It receives his name because one formed in this city in century XIX.

The opera of Peking fuses the martial theater, song, music, dance and arts in a set. In the scenic practices of 200 years, it is had accumulated more than thousand pieces and formed a series of musical models and representative formulas. In the 50 years from the foundation of the People's Republic of China, the State and the town pay much attention to the development of the opera of Peking; the professional authors and the artists have created many new programs, among them, some of historical subjects and others of subjects of the modern revolutionary wars, the socialist construction and the life of the town. At the same time great amount arises from contemporary artists of the opera of Peking: Mei Lanfang, Cheng Yanqiu, Ma Lianliang, Zhou Xinfang, Du Jinfang, etc. In order to develop this typical opera of China, many become fond of artists and make great amount of works to attract more spectators, and to take the opera to the foreign scenes.

The representation of In the crossroads in the foreign countries is welcomed by the spectators. It is a short opera of three personages with excellent martial arts. In a small inn, three people are and when not knowing itself, they fight by misunderstandings; with a sidearm each and surrounding a table, raises and lowers, they are attacked or they are defended. As night is a combat in the heat of, everything happens in silence. Between the dramas of the opera of Peking, this style has special enchantment, because it combines in himself the essence of the martial art and the art of opera. In order to play well their roles, the actors must receive a strict physical training and artistic from boy. The famous artist of the opera of Peking Gai Jiaotian, to the 70 years of age, still could give somersaults in the table and when finishing the gestures to put itself standing up did not make noise; the representation is wonderful.

The famous artist of the opera of Peking Mei Lanfang, in feminine paper (they give), enjoyed fame in China as in the foreign countries as much. In decades 20 and 30, Mei took the opera of Peking to Japan, the United States and the Soviet Union.

On 1950, the Institute was based on Peking of You operate of China, where they come graduating many excellent actors as the opera from Peking. They have inherited the artistic fruits of the ancestors and developed with boldness their peculiarities, having formed step by step their own styles.

Modern drama

At the beginning of the New China, the creation of the modern drama showed a great prosperity. Pieces as young Generation and the tea house influenced to innumerable young people and adolescents. After 1976, the modern drama had an enormous development again and arose pieces that reflected the fight against the “band of the four” like In a quiet place, When the leaves of the maple blush, etc. In later times, the works that sing the feats of the proletarian revolutionaries were put in scene: The story of Chen Yi, general Peng Dehuai, Sun Yat-sen, etc.

In the scene of modern drama of China amount arises from pieces of subjects traditional, but compiled again, that have strong spirit of the time. They excel the following: Song of the great wind, Li Shimin, Wang Zhaojun, Songzain Ganbo, etc. At the same time, imagine many modern dramas of old, modern and foreign subjects. The Association of Dramatists of China has created the “Prize of drama and Literature Cao Yu of China”, some excellent modern dramas have obtained successively this prize, for example: Mayor Chen Yi, the hot current outside the room, Romance, Li Bai, Intrenched in the mountain Zhongshan, etc.

In March of the 2000 they occurred to know in Peking the names the 39 excellent winning Chinese actors XVII the Theater Prizes China “Flower Plum tree”, award supported by the Federation of Chinese Literary and Artistic Circles and the Association of Chinese Dramatists.

Cinema

In the 90 years of development of the Chinese cinema, not only described films were done but also arose many excellent artists. The angel of the street, the spring of the city small and yellow Earth deserve to mention the films; and the excellent artists Rouen Lingyu, Xie Jin and Zhang Yimou.

The 20 years of reform and opening are the period in which the workers dedicated to the cinema strive by the progress. They incessantly appear able people, the productive forces of the art are freed totally and the initiatives like never are invigorated. The period from mid the decade of the 80 until the beginning of the one of the 90 is considered the second height of the cinematographic development of China. Thanks to the ideological liberation, the Chinese cinema knew a height artistic creations in democratic atmosphere. Numerous excellent films became such as Proclamation, Zhou Enlai and Qiuju insist before the court.

The decade of the 90, China enters the time of the enduring development of the economy and the Chinese cinema taking like main melody promoting the patriotism and collectivism, as well as obtaining the good life by means of the honest work. The Great turn, War of the Opium, River basin of the Honghe river and others are representing of this species. The film Days after the death of Law Feng reproduces the spirit of Law Feng, very met soldier who helped the others much, has gained high income of ticket office. The production system of the films of China is perfected step by step and has conquered the consent of the market, which constitutes the most important success.

Acrobatics

2,500 years ago, in the Period of Spring and Fall, in China it appeared the acrobatics. The first contests of force were developed. The hercúleos men sent and took wheels heavy showing people their force and skill. In the dynasty They have, became popular the acrobatic representation, that as much became recreational programs in the imperial banquets as in the popular celebrations.

The acrobatics of China spread of generation in generation. Between the famous numbers they appear: “crossing the hoops”, “game of diabolos”, “games with the feet”, “games with vases”, “games with revolving plates” and “support of the bowls with the head”. After the foundation of the People's Republic of China in 1949, the quick Government attention to its development, and this one obtains a fast advance. They exist above in the country near one hundred sets of distrital level for and thousands of popular groups, forming a great professional and nonprofessional artistic body already. China has more sent by the hundred from sets to than one hundred countries and regions having taken its beautiful representations. From 1981 to 1997, China won, of accumulated way, 35 times the “Prize President of the Republic of France” that is the supreme prize of the international Festival of acrobatics “Tomorrow and future” of France. China has adjudged 85 gold medals in the international contests. The excellent skills of the Chinese acrobatics are praised by the towns of the world and China is considered like the “first country of the acrobatics”.

Handwriting

The Chinese characters evolved of the drawings and signals and form the art of independent handwriting in the process of the writing. What the handwritings expert use is paper, red pen and, and what they write they are lines; nevertheless, several calligraphic forms and artistic styles are divided in.

In almost all the dynasties of China, famous handwritings expert arose. The calligraphic art and style of each constituted the typical representation of such dynasty. The famous handwriting expert Wang Xizhi of the Jin dynasty of the East was called by people “Wise person-handwriting expert”. Its cursive, beautiful and majestic writing, lives and vigorous, it is considered by all. His son Wang Xianzhi caligraphed the distinguished Chinese characters more. The Tang dynasty marked a magnificent period of the handwriting of China with Ouyang Xun, Zhu Suiliang, Yan Zhenqing and Liu Gongquan like representatives, their works serve until nowadays like handwriting models.

The works of the great handwriting expert modern Wu Changshuo of the sort emphasize concise and fluid and variable structures. The handwriting expert inlaid letters in paintings forming his own form of handwriting and painting.

At present, people often do not use the brush, nevertheless, the handwriting, like an art, is practiced by many people. People hope to write regular and pretty letters and to show the graceful modalities of the handwriting of the Chinese characters.

Painting

The ceramic guinea fowl of the neolithic one, of do more than six thousand years and with figures of fish, frogs, red deers, birds and flowers, they present/display the first pictorial manifestations of China. The earliest pictograms were made up of the small drawings with lines, that would be developed becoming the present Chinese characters. As the same instruments were used to write and to draw and paintings and pictograms they were formed mainly by lines, it says that they have the same origin. That constitutes the outstanding characteristic of the Chinese painting: to write poems or to caligraph in the painting. People enjoy the beauty of this artistic set combined by the poem, the handwriting and the painting.

In the antiquity, many paintings became in the walls or screens, and until today paintings murals conserved in the cemeteries of the dynasties are still seen Are and Tang. Gu Kaizhi, famous painter of the Jin dynasty, was capable in making paintings of historical subjects; in its work “the Luobin goddess” described to the encounter of poet Cao Zhi and the Luobin goddess. The dynasties Tang and Song constituted the pictorial apogee of China. Wu Daozi, painter of the Tang dynasty, had the name of “Santo of the painting”, and it specializes in paintings of personages and landscapes. The painter of the Song dynasty of the North Zhang Zeduan described, in the “Qingming Festival on the river”, the prosperity of Bianliang, the capital of that dynasty. This is an important painting with historical value. Li Sixun and its son Li Zhaodao, of the Tang dynasty, used inks done with mineral materials, for that reason their paintings were shining and magnificent. Wang Wei promoted the painting with Chinese red; in their works the outlines were energetic and the flying clouds and waters. The painting of flowers and birds constitutes an important variety and their works are very expresivas.

Between the contemporary painters of China, they draw only maids, and others, animal or an animal only: cats, horses or donkeys. As they dedicate his energies to a single type, they draw more and more finely and they become famous.

The pictorial circle of China is very alive. In the artistic Pavilion of Beautiful Arts of China and other palaces individual or collective exhibitions are celebrated frequently. Abroad, the paintings of China were exhibited in Japan, the Republic of Korea, Singapore, the United States, Canada and Europe. The painting of China is an art different from the oil of the West; with his Eastern artistic beauty, it attracts the experts and foreign collectors.

Crafts

The Chinese crafts characterize by its numerous varieties and fine techniques. Many works worked with special techniques attract the experts and collectors. The crafts of China are divided in two branches: special and the folkloric one.

The special crafts include the ivory statures, in jade and in stone they shoushan and other articles, which, made with meticulous designs and precious or particular matters, are sold very expensive.

These are some famous products:

The ivory statures take place especially in Peking, Guangzhou and Shanghai. Those of Peking they mainly represent maids, flowers and birds. Guangzhou enjoys fame by the ivory balls with fine recordings. In the majority of products of Shanghai figures of human beings carefully designed are carved. By the ivory shortage, the craftsmen come practicing new techniques to carve miniatures.

In the case of the objects of jade, using veins, lusters and natural colors of the raw materials, the craftsmen combine the color with the figure of the raw materials in order to totally show the fascination of the nature.

The stone engravings are done with different precious stones. The craftsmen carve the objects according to the color and forms of stones doing them alive.

The lacquer engravings are mainly bottles, jugs and great screens of dark red color in the majority of the cases. Refinings are seen very beautiful and.

The objects of cloisonné are famous in China and the foreign countries. The production process begins with the moulding of the objects with copper, and they become engraved tirillas of copper polished and galvanized with gold and silver. These objects, that dazzle the metallic brightness, are mainly floreros, cups and glasses.

The folkloric crafts of China count on long history and ample massive foundation and contain abundant cultural and historical connotations. Their works excite the esthetic conceptions and the interests of admiration of people. From the antiquity to today, the folkloric crafts of China have popular flavor and ethnic style. The products are varied and beautiful.

The techniques of the traditional crafts of China are divided in the following groups: to cut, to tie, to weave, to spin, to embroider, to record, to model and to draw.

The trimmed papers are the representatives of products done with the technique to cut.

The comets and the lanterns are good samples of the technique to tie.

The technique to weave subdivides in the one of threads and the one of fabrics. In the first case crafts woven with straws or threads in tiger forms are had, multicoloured pillows, pockets, balls and birds. In the second case, the brocades and multicoloured the printed fabrics are seen plus the wax and.

The technique to embroider sandal the procedures to manufacture the brocades, and those to print, to dye and to embroider. Between the most famous embroiderings of China they excel those of Suzhou, Hunan, Guangdong and Sichuan that are known like the four brocades of China.

For the technique to record, materials like bamboo, wood, nut, jade and stone are used, and between the done artisan figures with this technique there is masks, puppets, human beings, animal, etc.

Of the technique to model, one takes control figures of grazes of ceramics and butter and multicoloured mud, wheat flour, also. Besides their artistic value to appreciate, many of these figurillas are jueguetes for children.

The drawing technique counts on the techniques to draw by hand, to print with seals, to draw trimming, and to paint to the plate. The drawings done with this technique have very peculiar styles, are not drawings themselves, but they are similar.

Libraries

In China one has formed the network of libraries composed of public libraries, libraries and reading rooms of the teaching institutions superiors, the union organisms of scientific research, centers, the diverse organisms and associations, the military units, and the primary and secondary schools, and reading rooms of the corners and towns, the companies and the neighborhoods. At the end of 1999, China owned more than 2,769 public libraries at distrital level, more than 1,100 of the teaching institutions superiors and more than 8,000 of medium size of the organisms of scientific research, as well as many the union libraries of the primary and secondary schools and centers. The National Library of China is the major of Asia.

In the last years, the facilities of the libraries are seen remarkably improved. Many libraries construct, reconstruct or plan their new buildings. The modern scientific techniques like computers, machines to read, photocopiers, equipment of audio video and, as well as the technique to diminish the size and to photograph original texts, has been used and generalized in some libraries. Like the premises to collect, to order, to deposit and to transmit the documentary information and works, more and more play an important role in the socialist construction. The libraries at different levels extend the hours on watch, put the loan on approval and the book reading of free way, installs more putting for the readers, they extend the scope of reading and they simplify the proceedings to lend and to read books. By means of the exhibitions, intellectual conferences and competitions as well as the forms of mail, appointments ahead of time and give of books at home and office, makes propaganda and presentations of data deposited in the libraries in order impel the circulation of books and the magazines. With the methods to offer followed services and of fixed subjects, to write up texts, to make introduction of data, to install consultation counters and to get up themselves to the market of techniques, they offer the data and information actively, and increase the social efficiency of the service of the libraries. Besides all the mentioned one, the educations regular and extralabor of the bibliotecología have been developed quickly and many administrators and investigators of the bibliotecología have become qualified. The local Society of Libraries of China founded on 1979 and the other societies and of different systems have driven the studies of the theories and practices on the matter. In the last years, the interchange with the outside of the system of libraries progressed remarkably.

Museums

During all the dynasties of China, in the country there were localities to store imperial and private relics. The first museum in China was abierto by a foreigner in the middle of century XIX. In 1905, the capitalist industrialist Zhang Jian created the first museum of called China Center of Relics of Nantong. In 1912 he prepared himself and he was constructed, in Guozijian de Peking, the Historical Museum, that was the first national museum after the foundation of the Republic of China. Until year 1949, in all the country only there were 21 museums.

Protection of the historical relics

As of years 90, it has been reversed more bottoms to save and to protect the historical relics and has conquered more remarkable successes. The central property destined almost 700 million of yuanes to the salvation and protection of relics; of this special bottom 1,000 projects took control and great amount of historical relics that were on the brink of madness the destruction is protected of appropriate way. They attract the universal attention of Chinese and foreign the adjustments of the Potala palace, the Tar temple, grottos of the Xumi mountain, thousand grottos of Kizil, the Longmen grottos, the Yungang grottos, the Pavilion of the Goddess of the temple of the Jin dynasty, the Palace of Summering of Chengde, the Hut of Du Fu, etc. In 1996, the Council of State announced the list of organizations of relics under the national protection, increasing up to 750 organizations altogether. 99 cities of reputation by their history and millenarian culture exist. In 1995, the UNESCO of the UN included in the list of world-wide relics the palace Potala de Lhasa, the Palace of Summering of Chengde de Hebei and its temples, the three the old constructions of Confucius (the temple, the mansion and the cemetery of the family of Confucius) of Qufu de Shandong and constructions of the mountain Wudang de Hubei. Thus, in China there are nine sites of world-wide the cultural patrimony.

To do excavations of planned way offers good foundations for the elevation of the theoretical level of archeology, the studies of methodology of the archeology and the old history of China. The unfolding of the works archaeological aerial, subaqueous and desert has provided historical information and important data for the economic construction and also the new techniques and methods for the protection of the relics.